Submit »

Sending mail, please wait

As the name implies, Microcrystalline Cellulose is cellulose derived from high quality wood pulp. It is a naturally occurring substance that is proven stable, safe and physiologically inert

Calcium supplements are taken by individuals who are unable to get enough calcium in their regular diet or who have a need for more calcium. They are used to prevent or treat several conditions that may cause hypocalcemia (not enough calcium in the blood).

Croscarmellose sodium is a cross linked polymer of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium. Cross linking makes it an insoluble, hydrophilic, highly absorbent material, resulting in excellent swelling properties and its unique fibrous nature gives it excellent water wicking capabilities. Croscarmellose sodium provides superior drug dissolution and disintegration characteristics, thus improving bioavailability of formulations.



APPLICATIONS :

Croscarmellose sodium is used in oral pharmaceutical formulations as a disintegrant for Capsules, Tablets and Granules.

A white or colorless, crystalline, water-soluble solid, used chiefly in the manufacture of mineral water, and as a source of other potassium compounds

The laymans name for ascorbic acid, vitamin C helps maintain the red color of cured meat and prevents the formation of nitrosamines, which promote cancer (see SODIUM NITRITE). It helps prevent loss of color and flavor by reacting with unwanted oxygen. It is used as a nutrient additive in drinks and breakfast cereals. Sodium ascorbate is a more soluble form of ascorbic acid. ERYTHORBIC ACID is very similar to ascorbic acid, but has no value as a vitamin. Large amounts of ascorbic acid may reduce the severity of colds and offer other health benefits.Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, which means you need it in your diet every day because it cant be stored in the body.

The scientific name for vitamin C, ascorbic acid helps maintain the red color of cured meat and prevents the formation of nitrosamines, which promote cancer (see SODIUM NITRITE). It helps prevent loss of color and flavor by reacting with unwanted oxygen. It is used as a nutrient additive in drinks and breakfast cereals. Sodium ascorbate is a more soluble form of ascorbic acid. ERYTHORBIC ACID is very similar to ascorbic acid, but has no value as a vitamin. Large amounts of ascorbic acid may reduce the severity of colds and offer other health benefits.

Magnesium is a naturally occurring mineral. Magnesium is important for many systems in the body especially the muscles and nerves.



Magnesium oxide is used as a supplement to maintain adequate magnesium in the body.



Before taking magnesium oxide, tell your doctor if you have any other medical conditions, allergies, or if you take other medicines or other herbal/health supplements. Magnesium oxide may not be recommended in some situations.

Silicon Dioxide is primarily used to prevent caking. Add less than 2% by weight. considered safe



A mineral that keeps salt and seasoning blends from clotting, clumping or foaming

ACACIA NILOTICA Acacia Gum - (Arabic Gum) (LINN.) All the gum-yielding Acacias exhibit the same habit and general appearance, differing only in technical characters. They are spiny shrubs or small trees, preferring sandy or sterile regions, with the climate dry during the greater part of the year.

The gum harvest from the various species lasts about five weeks. About the middle of November, after the rainy season, it exudes spontaneously from the trunk and principal branches, but the flow is generally stimulated by incisions in the bark, a thin strip, 2 to 3 feet in length and 1 to 3 inches wide being torn off. In about fifteen days it thickens in the furrow down which it runs, hardening on exposure to the air, usually in the form of round or oval tears, about the size of a pigeon's egg, but sometimes in vermicular forms, white or red, according to whether the species is a white or red gum tree.



About the middle of December, the Moors commence the harvesting. The masses of gum are collected, either while adhering to the bark, or after it falls to the ground, the entire product, often of various species, thus collected, is packed in baskets and very large sacks of tanned leather and brought on camels and bullocks to the centers of accumulation and then to the points of export, chiefly Suakin, Alexandria, or - in Senegambia - St. Louis. It is then known as 'Acacia sorts,' the term being equivalent to 'unsorted Acacia.' The unsorted gums show the widest variation as to size of fragments, whiteness, clearness, freedom from adhering matter, etc. It is next sorted or 'picked' in accordance with these differences.



There are many kinds of Acacia Gum in commerce:

Citric acid is a weak organic acid, and it is a natural preservative and is also used to add an acidic, or sour, taste to foods and soft drinks. In biochemistry, it is important as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle and therefore occurs in the metabolism of virtually all living things. It can also be used as an environmentally benign cleaning agent.



Citric acid exists in greater than trace amounts in a variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably citrus fruits. Lemons and limes have particularly high concentrations of the acid; it can constitute as much as 8% of the dry weight of these fruits (about 47 g/L in the juices[3]). The concentrations of citric acid in citrus fruits range from 0.005 mol/L for oranges and grapefruits to 0.30 mol/L in lemons and limes. Within species these values vary depending on the cultivar and the circumstances in which the fruit was grown.





As a general term, a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no water. The way of achieving the anhydrous form differs from one substance to another.

: (vitamin C) see: ascorbate acid

One of the most important and abundant of the carotenes, a portion of which the liver converts to vitamin A. It should be noted, however, that while excess vitamin A can be toxic to the body, residual beta carotene is quickly eliminated. Scientists now believe that beta carotene is a powerful ANTIOXIDANT with properties that can contribute to reducing cancer and heart disease. It's found in vegetables like carrots, broccoli, squash, spinach and sweet potatoes. Beta carotene's orange-yellow pigment is also used as a coloring in foods like butter and margarine.Carotenoids are the red, orange and yellow plant pigments that give fruits and vegetables their vivid colors. All fruits and vegetables contain varying concentrations of carotenoids, but their colors are often covered up by green chlorophyll contained in the plant.



There are more than 600 different naturally-occuring carotenoids. Some of them have been identified as playing a vital role by protecting our cells and tissues from the damaging effects of free radicals and singlet oxygen. Lycopene, the carotenoid that gives tomatoes their red color, is particularly effective at quenching the destructive free radical singlet oxygen.

a colorless crystalline growth vitamin of the vitamin B complex found especially in yeast, liver, and egg yolk; no side effects are known.



One of the B-vitamins that functions as a co-enzyme in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. The biotin co-enzyme also serves in crucial roles in the breakdown of amino acids. Deficiency of the vitamin can result in hair loss and dermatitis, thus it is found as a popular ingredient in hair care products.

Boric acid, also called boracic acid or orthoboric acid or Acidum Boricum, is a weak acid often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, in nuclear power plants to control the fission rate of uranium, and as a precursor of other chemical compounds. It exists in the form of colorless crystals or a white powder and dissolves in water. It has the chemical formula H3BO3, sometimes written B(OH)3. When occurring as a mineral, it is called sassolite.

BHT

Butylated Hydroxy Toulene (BHT) is used as an antioxidant to retard the rancidity of oil and fats in foods. With emulsifying and stabilizing agents, BHT is a preservative to help maintain the appearance of freshness and consistency of food. BHT is a fat-soluble white crystalline solid that was approved as a food additive and preservative by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1954. There is no taste to the additive. It is a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) additive and with no scientific data proving its carcinogenicity, whether it causes cancer.

"Bioassay of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) for Possible Carcinogenicity." National Institutes of Health 150 (1979). Print.

"Butylated hydroxytoluene." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 16 May. 2011.

.

Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5 (a B vitamin), is a water-soluble vitamin required to sustain life (essential nutrient). Pantothenic acid is needed to form coenzyme-A (CoA), and is critical in the metabolism and synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In chemical structure, it is the amide between D-pantoate and beta-alanine. Its name is derived from the Greek pantothen (pa?t??e?) meaning "from everywhere" and small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in nearly every food, with high amounts in whole-grain cereals, legumes, eggs, meat, and royal jelly. It is commonly found as its alcohol analog, the provitamin panthenol, and as calcium pantothenate.

mineral calcium with stearic acid, a fatty acid derived from animal or vegetable sources



flow agent—helps ingredients flow smoothly during manufacture; emulsifier

Calciferol, Calcipotriol, Cholecalciferol, Irradiated Erogcalciferol



A vitamin produced by the body when exposed to ultraviolet light or obtained from dietary sources. Vitamin D3 is a hormone that has an important role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism and for the assimilation of Vitamin A. It may also has a strong immune enhancing effect. Technically, vitamin D3 is not a vitamin because the body can produce it



Deficiency: People need vitamin D3 to treat menopausal systems, to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and as replacement therapy in other conditions of inadequate estrogen production.

(Vitamin D) Cholecalciferol is the most widely known of the vitamin D series and is a fat soluble vitamin that is stored to some degree in the body. Many people know that sunlight is a source of vitamin D, but this is true only in the fact that ultraviolet light from the sun acts as a catalyst on a vitamin D precursor in the skin. Vitamin D formed in this manner is termed "natural vitamin D" or vitamin D3. Vitamin D precursors obtained from milk and other products as well as sunlight-produced vitamin D must be metabolized in the liver to form the active coenzyme. The primary functions of vitamin D are stimulation of calcium and magnesium absorption, two minerals that are essential for strong bones. Sources of vitamin D include fish liver oil, butter, and milk.

Chromium

SYNONYMS

Chromic chloride, chromium chloride hexahydrate



Chrominm works with insulin to help cells absorb glucose and produce energy. When a person is deficient in chromium, the level of glucose in the blood rises, even though insulin levels are normal.

Main sorces are: processed meats and whole-grain products are good. Highly available in brewer's yeast, calf's liver, american cheese and wheat germ.

Deficiency symptoms: Impaired glucose tolerance. In severe cases, diabetes-like syndrome.

colloidal silicon dioxide is a submicroscopic fumed silica prepared by the vapor-phase hydrolysis of a silicon compound; used as a tablet diluent and as a suspending and thickening agent

Cornstarch, or cornflour, is the starch of the maize grain, commonly known as corn. It is also ground from the endosperm, or white heart, of the corn kernel. It has a distinctive appearance and feel when mixed raw with water or milk, giving easily to gentle pressure but resisting sudden pressure. It is usually included as an anti-caking agent in powdered sugar (10X or confectioner's sugar). For this reason, recipes calling for powdered sugar often call for at least light cooking to remove the raw cornstarch taste.



Cornstarch is often used as a binder in puddings and similar foods. Most of the packaged pudding mixes available in grocery stores include cornstarch. Cornstarch puddings may be easily made at home, benefiting from the use of a double boiler. The most basic such pudding may be made only from milk, sugar, cornstarch and a flavoring agent.



It is also used as a thickener in many recipes. Cornstarch is best dissolved in cold water, as it forms obstinate lumps when mixed with warm or hot water.



Cornstarch also has many uses in the manufacturing of environmentally-friendly products. For example, in 2004, the Japanese company Pioneer announced a biodegradable Blu-Ray disc made out of cornstarch.



Cornstarch has been used as a replacement for talcum powder by some.



Due to cross contamination, wheat may be present. Read food label carefully to ensure it is Gluten Free.

Corn starch does not trigger the autoimmune response in celiac disease. It contains a form of gluten (a type of combined grain protein), but not the same form as wheat, barley, rye, kamut, spelt, and triticale. ??If the corn starch is not contaminated, it is safe for celiacs



Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornstarch

Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is important to good health. It helps maintain healthy nerve cells and red blood cells, and is also needed to make DNA, the genetic material in all cells . Vitamin B12 is bound to the protein in food. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach releases B12 from protein during digestion. Once released, B12 combines with a substance called intrinsic factor (IF) before it is absorbed into the bloodstream.

Good sources include meat, particularly liver, salmon, cod, milk, cheese, eggs, yeast extract, and some fortified breakfast cereals.

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) is a water soluble vitamin, although small amounts are stored in the liver. It is a member of the B group of vitamins and is vital for the formation of red blood cells, for nerve cells, and the recycling of certain important enzymes.



NOTE: Drinking alcohol may increase your requirement for B12.

EU Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) is 1 mcg.

Upper Safe Level (USL) for long term use is 3000 mcg.

vitamin E. Fortified breakfast cereals are also an important source of vitamin E in the United States. Although originally extracted from wheat germ oil, most natural vitamin E supplements are now derived from vegetable oils, usually soybean oil.



Commercial vitamin E supplements can be classified into several distinct categories: fully synthetic vitamin E, "d,l-alpha-tocopherol", the most inexpensive, most commonly sold supplement form usually as the acetate ester; semisynthetic "natural source" vitamin E esters, the "natural source" forms used in tablets and multiple vitamins; highly fractionated natural d-alpha tocopherol; less fractionated "natural mixed tocopherols"; high gamma-tocopherol fraction supplements; and tocotrienol supplements.



Synthetic vitamin E, usually marked as d,l-tocopherol or d,l tocopheryl acetate, with 50% d-alpha tocopherol moiety and 50% l-alpha-tocopherol moeity, as synthesized by an earlier process is now actually manufactured as all-racemic alpha tocopherol, with only about one alpha tocopherol molecule in 8 molecules as actual d-alpha tocpherol. The synthetic form is not as active as the natural alpha tocopherol form. The 1950's thalidomide disaster with numerous severe birth defects is a common example of d- vs l- epimer forms type problem with synthesized racemic mixtures. Information on any side effects of the synthetic vitamin E epimers is not readily available. Naturopathic and orthomolecular medicine advocates have long considered the synthetic vitamin E forms to be with little or no merit for cancer, circulatory and heart diseases.



Semisynthetic "natural source" vitamin E, manufacturers convert the common natural beta, gamma and delta tocopherol isomers into esters using acetic or succinic acid and add methyl groups to yield d-alpha tocopheryl esters such as d-alpha tocopheryl acetate or d-alpha tocopheryl succinate. These tocopheryl esters are more stable and are easy to use in tablets and multiple vitamin pills. Because only alpha tocopherols were officially counted as "vitamin E" in supplements, refiners and manufacturers faced enormous economic pressure to esterify and methylate the other natural tocopherol isomers, d-beta-, d-gamma- and d-delta-tocopherol into d-alpha tocopheryl acetate or succinate. In the healthy human body, the semisynthetic forms are easily de-esterified over several days, primarily in the liver, but not for common problems in aged or ill patients.



The Recommended Daily Allowance for vitamin E is based on the alpha-tocopherol form because it is the most active, or usable, form as originally tested. Results of two national surveys, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III 1988-91) and the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes of Individuals (1994 CSFII) indicated that the dietary intake of most Americans does not provide the recommended intake for vitamin E. However, a 2000 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on vitamin E states that intake estimates of vitamin E may be low because energy and fat intake is often underreported in national surveys and because the kind and amount of fat added during cooking is often not known. The IOM states that most North American adults get enough vitamin E from their normal diets to meet current recommendations. However, they do caution individuals who consume low fat diets because vegetable oils are such a good dietary source of vitamin E. "Low-fat diets can substantially decrease vitamin E intakes if food choices are not carefully made to enhance alpha-tocopherol intakes".

Vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin, protects vitamin A and essential fatty acids from oxidation (antioxidant)in the body cells and prevents breakdown of body tissues.



Found natural in Vegetable oil, Spinach, whole grains and sunflower seeds.



Deficiency Symptoms: Rare symptoms may include anemia & edema



Toxicity Symptoms: Generally non-toxic; nausea, dizziness & diarrhea can occur



Source: foodfacts

The term “vitamin E” refers to a family of eight related, lipid-soluble, antioxidant compounds widely distributed in plants. The tocopherol and tocotrienol subfamilies are each composed of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta vitamers having unique biological effects. Different ratios of these compounds are found in anatomically different parts of a plant. For example, the green parts of a plant contain mostly alpha-tocopherol and the seed germ and bran contain mostly tocotrienols. Along with other nutrients tocopherols and tocotrienols are concentrated in the bran layers of the rye grain, and are only present at low levels in the flour endosperm. Tocopherols are also present in algae, mint teas, and other food stuff.87-93



When this family of compounds was first discovered and determined to be essential for health, a standardized test for its activity was devised for which the members of the family were rated for their biological activity. In one test, alpha tocopherol scored highest and was rated 100% with all others having lower ratings. In accordance with this rating, alpha-tocopherol was deemed to be the essential compound and was called vitamin E. One International Unit (IU) of vitamin E activity is the activity under this rating of one mg of the plant-derived form of alpha-tocopherol.94



Since the original rating method was established, many additional important biological effects of these compounds have been discovered and many nutritional scientists now consider that rating method to be incomplete. For example, by the original rating, gamma-tocopherol was only 10% to 30% as strong as alpha-tocopherol, yet more recent studies have shown it to be essential for maintaining the health of cell membranes, especially if alpha-tocopherol is being supplemented. New studies continue to elucidate the unique benefits of individual members of the vitamin E family. For these and other reasons, the original definition of vitamin E has been enhanced to include all eight family members and the related compounds that convert to them in the body.94



Vitamin E compounds are usually produced and made available in esterified form as alpha-tocopheryl acetate or alpha-tocopheryl succinate. Neither of these forms has any antioxidant activity until converted to alpha-tocopherol in the body, but they are much more stable with respect to storage time and temperature than the unesterified forms. Moreover, while the acetate form is rapidly activated within the body, activation of the succinate form is slower. The succinate form appears to access and benefit areas of the tissues that are unavailable to the other forms. For this reason, there is a tendency to regard alpha-tocopherol succinate as a distinctly different and beneficial compound. Alpha-tocopherol succinate appears to have longer half-life in the body, and does not interfere with vitamin A or K absorption.95-98



Serious vitamin takers prefer cold-water dispersible dry powder vitamin E supplements in the form of alpha-tocopheryl succinate or acetate because the cold-water dispersible forms are efficiently absorbed even when taken on an empty stomach or with a low-fat meal. The non-cold water dispersible (oil) forms of vitamin E may be poorly absorbed unless taken with several grams of fats or oils.



Cold-water dispersible vitamin E is more efficiently absorbed than some other forms. Both “acetate” and “succinate” vitamin E can come from natural sources. The importance to the consumer is how well the vitamin E absorbs into the bloodstream. Cold-water dispersible vitamin E, whether in a succinate or acetate form, always comes in a white dry powder, while non-cold water dispersible natural and synthetic acetate forms of vitamin E are always in a thick brown oil.



Source: http://www.lef.org/newshop/items/item00063.html

Vitamin E

Synonyms: vitamin E acetate, tocopherol acetate, 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol, various other trade names



Works primarily as a antioxident to protect cells throughout the body.



Vitamin E can be extracted from natural oils (e.g. soybean, cottenseed, corn),leafy green vegetables and some nuts. also can be synthesized. Humans and mammals are unable to synthesize Vitamin E.

Clinical symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency include neuropathy, fetal death, and myopathy (muscle disease).

Major uses include animal feeds (approx 75% of use), as a food supplement, as an antioxidant, and in pharmaceutical formulations

FD&C Yellow No.6; used in cereals, bakery, sweets, snack foods, ice cream, drinks and canned fish; synthetic; also in many medications including Berocca, Polaramine, Ventolin syrup; side effects are urticaria (hives), rhinitis (runny nose), nasal congestion, allergies, hyperactivity, kidney tumours, chromosomal damage, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, indigestion, distaste for food; seen increased incidence of tumours in animals; banned in Norway

Industry-sponsored animal tests indicated that this dye, the third most widely used, causes tumors of the adrenal gland and kidney. In addition, small amounts of several carcinogens contaminate Yellow 6. However, the FDA reviewed those data and found reasons to conclude that Yellow 6 does not pose a significant cancer risk to humans. Yellow 6 may also cause occasional allergic reactions.



Ref: Center for science in the public interest (http://www.cspinet.org/reports/chemcuisine.htm#Alphabetical)

Ref: Food additives guide (http://www.foodag.com/en/100.htm)



The manufacturer doesn't want the color to run off if the pill gets a little wet. The answer is to use a dye in a lake form.



A lake is a solid, non water soluble form of a dye. It's produced by mixing the dye with Aluminum Hydroxide. By itself Aluminum Hydroxide is a safe food ingredient and it's often sold as an antacid. When combined with Dye, the chemicals form a deep powder that can be applied to the outsides of tablets, gumballs and other solids. You may also notice this form listed in the ingredients as "Aluminum Lake"

or iron, iron sulfate, Used in the food industry as a carrier for iron.



Iron in the body works with proteins that release energy in metabolism such as hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood stream. Also involved in the making of ammino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters.

Iron can be found in meats, poultry, and fish and many fortified foods. Fruits, vegetables and juices also provide some iron.

Iron deficiency symptoms include; anemia, inability to concentrate, weakness, fatigue, pallor, being out of breath after small exertion, cold hands and feet. Some people may develop a smooth round tongue, and have difficulty swallowing.



Symptoms of overload include: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rapid heartbeat, dizziness, shock and even death.



***Parents should be warned that iron supplements and multivitamins containing iron are the second most common cause of poisoning in young children in the U.S. (Aspirin is the first) The lethal dose of ferrous sulfate for a 2-year-old is only 3g.***



Source: Harvard Medical School - Health Publications Group, Vitamins and Minerals

Folic acid is the synthetic form of the B vitamin folate. Folic acid is necessary for the synthesis of nucleic acids and the formation of red blood cells. Folic-acid deficiency most commonly causes folic-acid-deficiency anemia. Symptoms include gastrointestinal problems, such as sore tongue, cracks at the corners of the mouth, diarrhea, and ulceration of the stomach and intestines. Large doses of folic acid can cause convulsions and other nervous-system problems.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations require enriched grain products to contain this essential vitamin.



Current studies have discovered a link between folic acid and brain function in older people. The study divided 818 people ages 50 to 75 to take either a vitamin containing 800 micrograms of folic acid a day, or a dummy pill, for three years.



On memory tests, the supplement users had scores comparable to people 5.5 years younger, Durga said. On tests of cognitive speed, the folic acid helped users perform as well as people 1.9 years younger.

Gelatin

Gelatin is derived from collagen, which is mainly involved with connective tissues and bones. It is known for its capability to gel and form semi-solids with its solution. The type of gelatin depends on the source of where it came from. Many of these sources include cattle bones, cattle hides, pork skins, and dried crushed bone. Cattle hides are the least used source for gelatin, while crushed bone is used mostly for photographic or pharmaceutical applications. Pork skin is the most commonly used raw source for edible gelatin in North America. The gelatin produced, Type A gelatin is extracted from the pork skin through a complex process involving acid treatment, washing, sterilization, and more. Because of the use of animal as a raw material source, gelatin should be restricted from diets concerning animal by-products.

"How We Make Gelatin." Gelatin Information, News, History and More. Gelatin Manufacturers Institute of America, 2001. Web. 17 May 2011.

.

Lecithin: Used to stabilize emulsions;

Lecithin is present in all living cells and is a significant constituent of nerve and brain cells.



Commercial lecithin, most of which comes from soya bean oil, which may be Genetically Modified, contains a mixture of phosphoglycerides containing principally lecithin, cephalin and phosphatidyl inositol. Other sources are egg yolk, from where it was originally obtained, and leguminous seeds, including peanuts and maize, which also may be Genetically Modified. Vegetarians should be aware that it can also be obtained from animal fat.

A modified food starch is a complex carbohydrate that has been chemically altered to change some of its qualities. These would include texture, the ease with which the starch dissolves and/or how readily the starch can be digested. Modified food starches are used in processed foods as thickeners; formulation aids to help maintain desired consistency or texture; anti-caking agents to help keep powdered foods free-flowing; or humectants, which absorb and maintain a food's water content. Typical foods that contain modified starches include sauces, pie fillings and gravies.



Modified food starches are usually synthesized from a naturally occurring food starch and are not considered a health risk. Those sensitive to gluten, however, should avoid foods containing modified food starches unless specifically labeled as "gluten free," as it may have originally come from wheat or another gluten containing grain.



Starch and modified starches sometimes replace large percentages of more nutritious ingredients, such as fruit. Choose baby foods without added starches (starch-thickened baby foods have contained as little as 25 percent as much of the fruit ingredients as 100-percent-fruit baby foods). One small study suggested that modified starches can promote diarrhea in infants.

Vitamin B3



Also called Niacin, Nicotinic Acid, Niacinimide, Nicotinic.



Acts as a co-enzyme in the release of energy from carbohydrates. Also needed to help breakdown fats and proteins. Aids in formation of red blood cells.

Since the 1950's doctors have used nicotinic acid to treat high cholesterol. Niacin is the only drug available that both substantially lowers the "bad" lipids (LDL), and increases the "good"(HDL) cholesterol. The reason this vitamin is not in the forefront of cholesterol therapy is because many people treated with high doses of niacin experience bothersome side effects such as; facial flushing, nausea, stomach pain, diarrhea and much more serious, liver damage.



Milk, eggs, meats (especially liver), chicken, fish, and most other protein-rich foods contain a significant amout of niacin. Also in smaller amounts in coffee and tea.



Dificiency is very rare in modern countries. Symptoms include: Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia) Less severe symptoms of deficiency include irritability, loss of appetite, weekness and swollen tongue.

Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin This means you need it in your diet every day because it cant be stored in the body.that exists in three major chemical forms: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine, It performs a wide variety of functions in your body and is essential for your good health. For example, vitamin B6 is needed for more than 100 enzymes involved in protein metabolism. It is also essential for red blood cell metabolism. The nervous and immune systems need vitamin B6 to function efficiently, and it is also needed for the conversion of tryptophan (an amino acid) to niacin (a vitamin)

Pyridoxine Hydrochloride

Activated vitamin B-6 is extensively involved in the metabolism of amino acids. efficiently from pyridoxine in the liver. Ex cessive protein intake, alcohol or contraceptive use also indicates a greater need for vitamin B-6. It also plays a crucial role in the multiplication of cells.



Source: Vitamin & Mineral Safety 2nd edition - by John N. Hathcock PHD

Vitamin B2, or riboflavin, is required to complete several reactions in the energy cycle. Reddening of the lips with cracks at the corners of the mouth, inflammation of the tongue, and a greasy, scaly inflammation of the skin are common symptoms of deficiency.Riboflavin (B2)- Classic riboflavin deficiency involves the lips, tongue, eyes, skin and nervous system. Vision changes, cheliosis (tiny lesions in the mouth or cracks in the corners of the mouth) tongue inflammation and discomfort eating or swallowing.



Riboflavin?s role in the body involves the metabolism of fats and proteins. Enzymes influenced by riboflavin are absolutely necessary to transport oxygen to the cells. A decrease in this vitamin can result in fatigue. New research indicates that migraine headache sufferers may benefit by riboflavin. 400mgs.day have been shown to lessen the incidence of migraines.



Required for red blood cell formation, antibody production, cell respiration and growth. Important for good muscle tone. Involved in metabolism of protein, protein fats, and carbohydrates. Necessary for good vision, skin, hair and nails.

Vitamin B2, or riboflavin, is required to complete several reactions in the energy cycle. Reddening of the lips with cracks at the corners of the mouth, inflammation of the tongue, and a greasy, scaly inflammation of the skin are common symptoms of deficiency.Riboflavin (B2)- Classic riboflavin deficiency involves the lips, tongue, eyes, skin and nervous system. Vision changes, cheliosis (tiny lesions in the mouth or cracks in the corners of the mouth) tongue inflammation and discomfort eating or swallowing.



Riboflavin?s role in the body involves the metabolism of fats and proteins. Enzymes influenced by riboflavin are absolutely necessary to transport oxygen to the cells. A decrease in this vitamin can result in fatigue. New research indicates that migraine headache sufferers may benefit by riboflavin. 400mgs.day have been shown to lessen the incidence of migraines.



Required for red blood cell formation, antibody production, cell respiration and growth. Important for good muscle tone. Involved in metabolism of protein, protein fats, and carbohydrates. Necessary for good vision, skin, hair and nails.

Ascorbic acid helps maintain the red color of cured meat and prevents the formation of nitrosamines, which promote cancer (see SODIUM NITRITE). It helps prevent loss of color and flavor by reacting with unwanted oxygen. It is used as a nutrient additive in drinks and breakfast cereals. Sodium ascorbate is a more soluble form of ascorbic acid. ERYTHORBIC ACID is very similar to ascorbic acid, but has no value as a vitamin. Large amounts of ascorbic acid may reduce the severity of colds and offer other health benefits.

Sodium Benzoate

Used as a food preservative or antiseptic, sodium benzoate is a white crystalline powder chemically known as C7H5O2Na or E211. Although it is classified by the Federal Drug Administration as safe, sodium benzoate is a controversial additive. Sodium benzoate was previously used for centuries as a preservative to prevent the growth of microbial organisms in the food. In presence of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) such as in jams, sodium benzoate can form the chemical benzene. Benzene is known to damage DNA, genetic material, which can lead to leukemia and other cancers. Since sodium benzoate works best in acidic environments, the consumption of sodium benzoate is a rising issue.

"Sodium Benzoate Food Preservative - Research Paper - Misselleanor." Free Term Papers, Research Papers, Essays, Book Reports | OPPapers.com. Web. 16 May 2011. .

"Food Additives ~ CSPI’s Food Safety." Center for Science in the Public Interest. Web. 16 May 2011. .

Citric acid (Sodium Citrate) is versatile, widely used, cheap, and safe. It is an important metabolite in virtually all living organisms and is especially abundant naturally in citrus fruits and berries. It is used as a strong acid, a tart flavoring, and an antioxidant. Sodium citrate, also safe, is a buffer that controls the acidity of gelatin desserts, jam, ice cream, candy, and other foods.

Sorbic acid occurs naturally in many plants. These additives are safe.

Approved in the United States in April 1998, sucralose (a synthetic chemical) can be used in soft drinks, baked goods, ice cream, sweetener packets, and other products. It previously had been used in Canada, Europe, and elsewhere. Sucralose is safer than saccharin and cyclamate and doesn’t raise the concerns that tests on acesulfame-K and aspartame have raised.

Vitamin B1 is also known as thiamine, thiamin and aneurin. Thiamine is the currently accepted name for vitamin B1 in the US. Aneurin is still widely used in Europe, especially in the United Kingdom.

Necessary for proper metabolism of sugar and starch to provide energy. Maintains a healthy nervous system as well as aiding proper function of the heart and other muscles. Stress increases the need for B-1 and all B vitamins.

Vitamin B-1, Perfectly safe, despite adding minuscule amounts of nitrate to our food.

White in colour, Titanium dioxide is extracted from the naturally occurring mineral Ilmenite, (named after the Ilmen Mountains in Russia), an iron-black, heavy, metallic oxide mineral, composed of iron and titanium oxide.



Thought not to be easily absorbed, although detectable amounts can be found in the blood, brain and glands with the highest concentrations being in the lymph nodes and lungs, it is excreted from the body with urine.



Can be found in tablets and capsules, cottage and Mozzarella cheeses, horseradish cream and sauces, lemon curd, toothpaste, and white paint, also in sweets where it is often used to provide a barrier between different colours. Used to increase opacity in some sauces.



Banned in Germany.

No adverse effects are known.

Pollutes waterways.

A white or yellowish-white, amorphous, odorless, water-insoluble powder, ZnO, used chiefly as a paint pigment, in cosmetics, dental cements, matches, white printing inks, and opaque glass, and in medicine in the treatment of skin conditions. Also called flowers of zinc, zinc' white'.

Potassium iodide, also known as KI, is a form of iodine. Potassium iodide has been determined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be a safe and effective method to block exposure to one product of a nuclear release - radioactive iodine. Radioactive iodine, either inhaled or ingested through contaminated food or milk, can increase a person's risk of developing thyroid cancer.



The thyroid functions to absorb and store iodine, but it can hold only so much, and will just as readily absorb non-radioactive potassium iodide as radioactive iodine. Because of this, one dose of potassium iodide, which is not harmful to the thyroid, works by filling the gland so it cannot take up any radioactive iodine.

Synonyms: Molybdic acid, disodium salt; Disodium molybdate; Sodium molybdate(VI); Molybdate (MoO42-), disodium, (T-4)-; Molybdic acid (H2MoO4), disodium salt (8CI); Sodium molybdate

Manganese supplements are used to prevent or treat manganese deficiency. For patients who are unable to get enough manganese in their regular diet or who have a need for more manganese

used as a confectionery mold release agent.

contained in many Nutritional Supplements

for its supply of magnesium.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) are polymers having an identical structure, and are the most commercially important polyethers. Poly(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene oxide) refers to an oligomer or polymer of ethylene oxide. PEG and PEO are liquids or low-melting solids, depending on their molecular weights. Both are prepared by polymerization of ethylene oxide. While PEG and PEO with different molecular weights find use in different applications and have different physical properties (e.g. viscosity) due to chain length effects, their chemical properties are nearly identical. Derivatives of PEG and PEO are in common use, the most common derivative being the methyl ether (methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)), abbreviated mPEG.



Poly(ethylene glycol) is non-toxic and is used in a variety of products. It is the basis of a number of laxatives (e.g. macrogol-containing products such as Movicol® and polyethylene glycol 3350, or MiraLax® or GlycoLax). It is the basis of many skin creams, as cetomacrogol, and sexual lubricants, frequently combined with glycerin. Whole bowel irrigation (polyethylene glycol with added electrolytes) is used for bowel preparation before surgery or colonoscopy and drug overdoses



Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol

Vitamin K - Vitamin K helps synthesize at least six (out of 12) of the proteins involved in blood clotting, without Vitamin K, your bleeding would not clot and you would very likely bleed to death.



Vitamin K is found in so many foods that deficiency is rare in healthy people. Newborns are the exceptions, they are born with very little vitamin K from their mother. To control the risk of uncontrolled bleeding, most newborns get a one-time injection or oral dose of vitamin K before they leave the hospital.

Large doses of aspirin, and high doses of vitamin A or E may block K absorption.



Source: Harvard Medical School - Health Publications Group, Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamin K

Sym: phylloquinone, Menadione, Menaquinone, naphthoquinone



Without vitamin K, your blood would not clot and you would very likely bleed to death. Of the 13 proteins needed for clotting K is essential to the making of at least six.

Vitamin K is found in so many foods that deficiency is rare. Newborns are the exception: they are not born with vitamin K producing bacteria in the intestines, and get no vitamin K from their mothers or breastmilk. The result is a very real risk of uncontrolled bleeding. To prevent this, most newborns get a one-time injection or oral dose of vitamin K before they leave the hospital.

(stannous chloride) is a white crystalline solid with the formula SnCl2. It forms a stable dihydrate, but aqueous solutions tend to undergo hydrolysis, particularly if hot. SnCl2 is widely used as a reducing agent (in acid solution), and in electrolytic baths for tin-plating. Tin(II) chloride should not be confused with the other chloride of tin, tin(IV) chloride or stannic chloride (SnCl4)



Stannous chloride is an inorganic compound made from the soft metal known as tin. The economically significant substance is utilized in a variety of applications, but primarily electroplating, the dyeing of textiles, tin galvanizing, and removing ink stains. Stannous chloride is also sometimes added to foods as a preservative and to oils as an antisludge agent. The compound typically exists as colorless crystals that decompose under high levels of heat. Stannous chloride is soluble in less than its own weight of water, but in the presence of large amounts of water, it forms an insoluble basic salt.

Sodium selenate is a mineral supplement.



Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen present in common organic molecules. The term "mineral" is archaic, since the intent of the definition is to describe ions, not chemical compounds or actual minerals.



Dietitians may recommend that minerals are best supplied by ingesting specific foods rich with the element(s) of interest. Sometimes minerals are ingested as mineral dietary supplements, the most common being iodine in iodized salt.



The dietary focus on minerals derives from an interest in supporting biochemical reactions with the required elemental components.[1] Appropriate intake levels of certain chemical elements are thus required to maintain optimal health. According to nutritional experts, the requirements are met simply with a conventional balanced diet.[

Nickelous sulfate, which is sometimes alternatively known as nickel sulfate and sulfuric acid nickel salt, is a non-caking salt often utilized for nickel plating. Each molecule of a nickelous sulfate crystal is typically hydrated with six molecules of water, but at 100 degrees Celsius, the salt loses five of its water molecules, and at 103 degrees Celsius, all six waters of hydration are lost. Crystals of the mineral form in two different phases, one of which exhibits a blue tetragonal geometry and the other of which is green and monoclinic. In addition to plating, nickelous sulfate is sometimes used in homeopathic remedies for treating seborrheic dermatitis and chronic dandruff. Ironically, however, some people may develop a contact allergy to nickel and nickelous sulfate that results in dermatitis.

Toxic by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption. Suspected human carcinogen. May cause reproductive disorders. Long-term skin exposure may cause dermatitis.



Source:http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/NI/nickel_II_sulfate_hexahydrate.html

Sodium metavanadate is a yellow solid which is soluble in water. Its use is limited due to its hygroscopic property. Its natural forms include mineral metamunirite (anhydrous) and a dihydrate, munirite. Both are very rare, metamunirite is now known only from V- and U-bearing sandstone formations of central-western USA and munirite from Pakistan and South Africa.

calcium supplement.

Also used as a Emulsifying, Stabilizing and Thickening Agent.

Vitamin A.

Essential in vision; enhances immunity by protecting the body from bacteria and viruses; boosts the production of white blood cells; helps build and maintain bone.



Richest sources of retinal are liver, fish liver oils, whole and fortified milk, and eggs. Carotenoids (such as beta-carotene) that the body uses to make vitamin A are abundant in orange and yellow fruits and vegetables, and green leafy vegetables.



Researchers are investigating the links on vitamin A's ability to boost the immune system and fight cancer, and the results look promising. The dark side of this is people are taking megadoses of vitamin A mistakenly believing that it can ward off or cure disease, often doing serious liver damage. People can achieve the level of beta-carotene in the studies simply by eating the 5 to 9 servings recommended by health authorities.

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for the function of all the organs in your body and is particularly important for growth and development. Acetate is a retinol form of vitamin A commonly used in supplements (this is a synthetic form of vitamin A). Vitamin A is essential for healthy eyes and vision, health of epithelial cells, growth, a healthy reproductive system, protection against infection, bone development and brain development. It is also important for the maintenance of the proper functioning of the immune system.

Food scientists have long noted the nutritional benefits of MCFA. (Note: in this article MCFA - medium chain fatty acids - and MCT - medium chain triglycerides - are used interchangeably.) Coconut oil, or some derivative of it, is used in hospital formulas to feed the very young, the critically ill, and those who have digestive problems. It makes up a vital part of the solutions fed to patients intravenously or through a tube inserted down the throat. In emergencies when commercial IV solutions are not available, doctors in tropical climates will use coconut water instead.

Hypromellose is used to treat conditions where not enough tears are produced to keep the eye lubricated and clean. Hypromellose lubricates the surface of the eye in the same way as natural tears. It can therefore be used to relieve the dryness and pain associated with reduced or abnormal tear production

Talc is a mineral, produced by the mining of talc rocks and then processed by crushing, drying and milling. Processing eliminates a number of trace minerals from the talc, but does not separate minute fibers which are very similar to asbestos.

Talc is toxic. Talc particles cause tumors in human ovaries and lungs. Numerous studies have shown a strong link between frequent use of talc in the female genital area and ovarian cancer. Talc particles are able to move through the reproductive system and become imbedded in the lining of the ovary. Researchers have found talc particles in ovarian tumors and have found that women with ovarian cancer have used talcum powder in their genital area more frequently than healthy women.2



Talc poses a health risk when exposed to the lungs. Talc miners have shown higher rates of lung cancer and other respiratory illnesses from exposure to industrial grade talc, which contains dangerous silica and asbestos. The common household hazard posed by talc is inhalation of baby powder by infants. Since the early 1980s, records show that several thousand infants each year have died or become seriously ill following accidental inhalation of baby powder.3



Q. What about infants?



A. Talc is used on babies because it absorbs unpleasant moisture. Clearly, dusting with talcum powder endangers an infant's lungs at the prospect of inhalation. Exposing children to this carcinogen is unnecessary and dangerous.



Source:

Cancer Prevention Coalition c/o School of Public Health

University of Illinois Medical Center

2121 West Taylor Street

Chicago, IL 60612

Tel: (312) 996-2297, Fax: (312) 996-1374

Email: epstein@uic.edu

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH, PVA, or PVAL) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer (not to be confused with polyvinyl acetate, a popular wood glue).



Polyvinyl alcohol has excellent film forming, emulsifying, and adhesive properties. It is also resistant to oil, grease and solvent. It is odorless and nontoxic. It has high tensile strength and flexibility, as well as high oxygen and aroma barrier properties. However these properties are dependent on humidity, in other words, with higher humidity more water is absorbed. The water, which acts as a plasticiser, will then reduce its tensile strength, but increase its elongation and tear strength. PVA is fully degradable and is a quick dissolver. PVA has a melting point of 230°C and 180–190°C for the fully hydrolysed and partially hydrolysed grades. It decomposes rapidly above 200°C as it can undergo pyrolysis at high temperatures.



PVA is an atactic material but exhibits crystallinity as the hydroxyl groups are small enough to fit into the lattice without disrupting it.