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Inactive ingredients are also called excipients -- these are ingredients that are found in the dosage form being consumed that are not considered active ingredients

Emulsifier

Mixed glycerol of acetic acid and fatty acids of food fats. Contains mono- and diesters of fatty acids with glycerol which is itself partially acetylated; may also contain free glycerol and free fatty acids.



Source: apps3.fao.org

Carnauba wax is the coating on the surface of the leaf, i.e., cuticle. Leaves of this fan palm are removed individually from the tree, cut and shredded, and then dried, so that wax flakes off. A pound of carnauba wax is obtained from about 20 leaves. This powder is melted, strained, and then molded into blocks, to be shipped to manufacturing countries.



There are a thousand and one uses for carnauba wax, but you are most likely to hear about it as the principal ingredient in fine car polishes, even applied as a spray at the car wash. Carnauba is also important for the best furniture polishes, as for hardwood floors, but can be found as coating on dental floss, disposible cups and plates, even lipstick.

Cornstarch, or cornflour, is the starch of the maize grain, commonly known as corn. It is also ground from the endosperm, or white heart, of the corn kernel. It has a distinctive appearance and feel when mixed raw with water or milk, giving easily to gentle pressure but resisting sudden pressure. It is usually included as an anti-caking agent in powdered sugar (10X or confectioner's sugar). For this reason, recipes calling for powdered sugar often call for at least light cooking to remove the raw cornstarch taste.



Cornstarch is often used as a binder in puddings and similar foods. Most of the packaged pudding mixes available in grocery stores include cornstarch. Cornstarch puddings may be easily made at home, benefiting from the use of a double boiler. The most basic such pudding may be made only from milk, sugar, cornstarch and a flavoring agent.



It is also used as a thickener in many recipes. Cornstarch is best dissolved in cold water, as it forms obstinate lumps when mixed with warm or hot water.



Cornstarch also has many uses in the manufacturing of environmentally-friendly products. For example, in 2004, the Japanese company Pioneer announced a biodegradable Blu-Ray disc made out of cornstarch.



Cornstarch has been used as a replacement for talcum powder by some.



Due to cross contamination, wheat may be present. Read food label carefully to ensure it is Gluten Free.

Corn starch does not trigger the autoimmune response in celiac disease. It contains a form of gluten (a type of combined grain protein), but not the same form as wheat, barley, rye, kamut, spelt, and triticale. ??If the corn starch is not contaminated, it is safe for celiacs



Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornstarch

ibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a commonly used plasticizer. It is also used as an additive to adhesives or printing inks. It is soluble in various organic solvents, e.g. in alcohol, ether and benzene. DBP is also used as an ectoparasiticide.

Contents

[hide]



1 Legislative Control

1.1 European Union

1.2 United States

2 Production

3 Exposure

4 Food Contamination

5 Obesity

6 See also

7 References

8 External links



[edit] Legislative Control

[edit] European Union



The use of this substance in cosmetics, including nail polishes, is banned in the European Union under Directive 76/768/EEC 1976.[1]



The use of DBP has been restricted in the European Union for use in children's toys since 1999.[2]

[edit] United States



DBP was added to the California Proposition 65 (1986) list of suspected teratogens in November 2006. It is a suspected endocrine disruptor. It was used in some nail polishes; all major producers began eliminating this chemical from nail polishes in the Fall of 2006.



DBP was permanently banned in children's toys and childcare articles, in concentrations of 1000 ppm or greater, under section 108 of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (CPSIA).

[edit] Production



DBP is produced by the reaction of n-butanol with phthalic anhydride. It is produced domestically by Eastman Chemical Company, but they have announced that they will end production and exit the DBP and DEP (diethyl phthalate) market in December 2011.[3]



With the exodus of all domestic producers the nearest supply option for DBP for U.S. customers is Miami Chemical which imports material from their manufacturing partners located in South America.

[edit] Exposure



Based on urine samples from people of different ages, the European Commission Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) concluded that total exposures to individual phthalates in the general population are below tolerable daily intakes (TDI), except in the case of DBP for which efforts to further reduce exposures are needed.[4]

[edit] Food Contamination



DHP and DEHP have been found in food as a substitute for palm oil during a scandal in Taiwan. Among the kinds of foods were yoghurt powder, energy drinks, fruit jam, powder and syrup.[5]

[edit] Obesity



A study on CDC data published in Environmental Health Perspectives, revealed that American men with abdominal obesity or insulin resistance (a precursor to diabetes) were more likely to have high levels of DEHP and DBP metabolites in their urine than men without those problems.[6][dead link]

Docusate (pronounced /'d?kju?se?t/) is the generic name of a surfactant used as a laxative and stool softener[1][2]



Docusate is also any of a group of anionic surfactants widely used as emulsifying, wetting, and dispersing agents.



Docusate is available in tablet, capsule, liquid, and rectal enema.

Docusate calcium [USP] and docusate potassium [USP] are anionic surfactants used as stool softeners and are administered orally.

Docusate sodium [USP] is an anionic surfactant used as a stool softener and is administered orally or rectally; as a tablet disintegrant or as an emulsifier and dispersant in topical preparations. When sold as Colace, it is docusate sodium, or sodium salt of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS). Some metabolism studies show that DSS is absorbed by the body from the gastrointestinal tract, undergoing extensive metabolism. In humans, the main way DSS metabolites are excreted is via the feces.

Docusate sodium may be used in a daily regimen in persons who are undergoing narcotic pain medication therapy to reduce the effects of chronic constipation or hardened stools which can cause severe straining, impaction, and torn rectal tissues.

Gelatin

Gelatin is derived from collagen, which is mainly involved with connective tissues and bones. It is known for its capability to gel and form semi-solids with its solution. The type of gelatin depends on the source of where it came from. Many of these sources include cattle bones, cattle hides, pork skins, and dried crushed bone. Cattle hides are the least used source for gelatin, while crushed bone is used mostly for photographic or pharmaceutical applications. Pork skin is the most commonly used raw source for edible gelatin in North America. The gelatin produced, Type A gelatin is extracted from the pork skin through a complex process involving acid treatment, washing, sterilization, and more. Because of the use of animal as a raw material source, gelatin should be restricted from diets concerning animal by-products.

"How We Make Gelatin." Gelatin Information, News, History and More. Gelatin Manufacturers Institute of America, 2001. Web. 17 May 2011.

.

In nature, glycerin forms the backbone of fat and oil molecules. The body uses it as a source of energy or as a starting material in making more-complex molecules..



In its common liquid form, glycerol is nonpoisonous, colorless, odorless and sweet tasting and has a high viscosity. Glycerine is an important component of fat and vegoil molecules and phospholipids

Serves as humectant, solvent and sweetener, may help preserve foods.

Solvent for flavors (such as vanilla) and food coloring.

Humectant and softening agent in candy, cakes and casings for meats and cheeses.

Manufacture of mono- and di-glycerides for use as emulsifiers.

Used in manufacture of polyglycerol esters going into shortenings and margarine.

Used as filler in low-fat food products (i.e., cookies).

Iron oxides are permitted for use at a level of 0.1% by weight in

sausage casings on the basis of the weight of the finished sausage

product. No data on the uses of iron oxides in food were reported by

the industry to the National Academy of Sciences in 1987, and the

industry has not reported any recent use of iron oxides in foods.



An estimate of intake of iron oxides was submitted which was

based on food intake from a three-day national survey of food

consumption in 1989-92, combined with maximum regulatory limits. It

was assumed that all foods that could be coloured by iron oxides would

contain it. The mean estimated intake of iron oxides by 11 912

respondents was 0.08 mg/kg bw per day (16% of the ADI), while the 90th

percentile intake was estimated to be 0.28 mg/kg bw per day (56% of

the ADI). For 2144 'eaters only', the mean intake was 0.45 mg/kg bw

per day (90% of the ADI), and the 90th percentile intake was 0.89

mg/kg bw per day (180% of the ADI).



It was concluded that it is unlikely that the intake of iron

oxide would exceed the ADI on a long-term basis because iron oxides

would be not be used in all sausages at the maximium permitted level.

Futhermore, the industry has not reported any recent use of iron

oxides in food.



http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v44jec18.htm

Kaolin" redirects here. For the Sailor Moon character, see Death Busters#Kaolinite.

Kaolinite



General

Category Silicate mineral

Chemical formula Al2Si2O5(OH)4

Crystal symmetry Triclinic pedial

H-M symbol: (1)

Space group: P1

Unit cell a = 5.13 Å, b = 8.89 Å, c = 7.25 Å; a = 90°, ß = 104.5°, ? = 89.8°; Z = 2

Identification

Color White, sometimes red, blue or brown tints from impurities

Crystal habit Rarely as crystals, thin platy or stacked, More commonly as microscopic pseudohexagonal plates and clusters of plates, aggregated into compact, claylike masses

Crystal system Triclinic

Cleavage Perfect on {001}

Tenacity Flexible but inelastic

Mohs scale hardness 2–2.5

Luster Pearly to dull earthy

Streak White

Specific gravity 2.16–2.68

Optical properties Biaxial (–)

Refractive index na = 1.553–1.565,

nß = 1.559–1.569,

n? = 1.569–1.570

2V angle Measured: 24° to 50°, Calculated: 44°

References [1][2][3]

Kaolinite is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals, with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4. It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina octahedra.[4] Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as kaolin or china clay.[5]



The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: ??/??; pinyin: Gaoling), a village near Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province, China.[6] The name entered English in 1727 from the French version of the word: "kaolin", following Francois Xavier d'Entrecolles's reports from Jingdezhen.[7]

Lactose, a carbohydrate found only in milk, is one of nature's ways of delivering calories to infant mammals. One-sixth as sweet as table sugar, lactose is added to food as a slightly sweet source of carbohydrate. Milk turns sour when bacteria convert lactose to lactic acid. Many people, especially non-Caucasians, have trouble digesting lactose. Bacteria in their guts may produce gas.

used as a confectionery mold release agent.

contained in many Nutritional Supplements

for its supply of magnesium.

The parabens are esters of para-hydroxibenzoic acid. The two most common esters are methyl and propyl parabens, which are approved for food use in the United States under the GRAS classification. The maximum concentration allowed is 0.1 %. They are most active against yeasts and molds.



Parabens are white powders with faint odor and fair solubility in water at room temperature. The solubility is greatly increased by heating the water to 160°F-180°F. Methyl paraben is more soluble in water but less effective against molds than propyl paraben. To balance these differences, mixtures of 2 to 3 parts of methyl paraben with 1 part propyl paraben are normally used.



Important advantages of parabens are their effectiveness at higher pH values, from 3 up to 8, and stability to high and low temperatures, even to steam sterilization. Despite these properties, parabens are not as widely used as other antimicrobial agents, probably due to higher cost and flavor objections. Applications include bakery products (formulated without yeast), beverages, flavor extracts, food colors, fruit products, jams, jellies, preserves (artificially sweetened), gelatin, marinated and smoked fish, pickles, salad dressings, syrups, wine and olives.



If preservatives are used in a food, they must be declared in the list of ingredients, along with a short explanation of intended use, such as "preservative", "mold inhibitor", "to retard spoilage".

Pharmaceutical glaze is an alcohol based solution of various types of food grade shellac.[1] When used in food and confections, it is also known as confectioner's glaze, resinous glaze, pure food glaze and natural glaze.[2][3] It is also known colloquially in the manufacturing world as beetle juice due to shellac's derivation from the lac insect Kerria lacca (which is not a beetle, but a scale insect).



Pharmaceutical glaze may contain denatured alcoholic solution of 20-51% shellac[1], waxes and titanium dioxide as an opacifying agent.



Pharmaceutical glaze is used by the drug and nutritional supplement industry as a coating material for tablets and capsules. It serves to improve the product's appearance, extend shelf life and protect it from moisture, as well as provide a solid finishing film for pre-print coatings. It also serves to mask unpleasant odors and aid in the swallowing of the tablet.



The shellac coating is insoluble in stomach acid and may make the tablet difficult for the body to break down or assimilate. For this reason it can also be used as an ingredient in time-released, sustained or delayed action pills. The product is listed on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's inactive ingredient list and has been accepted as safe. It is generally regarded as an acceptable ingredient to a pharmaceutical-grade tablet, and is used in quality manufactured products in a Good Manufacturing Practice environment.



A competitive non-animal-based product is zein, a corn protein

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) are polymers having an identical structure, and are the most commercially important polyethers. Poly(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene oxide) refers to an oligomer or polymer of ethylene oxide. PEG and PEO are liquids or low-melting solids, depending on their molecular weights. Both are prepared by polymerization of ethylene oxide. While PEG and PEO with different molecular weights find use in different applications and have different physical properties (e.g. viscosity) due to chain length effects, their chemical properties are nearly identical. Derivatives of PEG and PEO are in common use, the most common derivative being the methyl ether (methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)), abbreviated mPEG.



Poly(ethylene glycol) is non-toxic and is used in a variety of products. It is the basis of a number of laxatives (e.g. macrogol-containing products such as Movicol® and polyethylene glycol 3350, or MiraLax® or GlycoLax). It is the basis of many skin creams, as cetomacrogol, and sexual lubricants, frequently combined with glycerin. Whole bowel irrigation (polyethylene glycol with added electrolytes) is used for bowel preparation before surgery or colonoscopy and drug overdoses



Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a water-soluble polymer made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone,



The monomer is extremely toxic to aquatic life. However, the polymer PVP was used as a blood plasma expander for trauma victims after the first half of the 20th century.[clarification needed]



It is used as a binder in many pharmaceutical tablets; it simply passes through the body when taken orally. However, autopsies have found that crospovidone does contribute to pulmonary vascular injury in substance abusers who have injected pharmaceutical tablets intended for oral consumption.[1] The long-term effects of crospovidone within the lung are unknown. PVP added to Iodine forms a complex called (Povidone-iodine[2]) that possesses disinfectant properties. This complex is used in various products like solutions, ointment, pessaries, liquid soaps and surgical scrubs. It is known for instance under the trade name Betadine.



PVP binds to polar molecules exceptionally well, owing to its polarity. This has led to its application in coatings for photo-quality ink-jet papers and transparencies, as well as in inks for inkjet printers.



PVP is also used in personal care products, such as shampoos and toothpastes, in paints, and adhesives that must be moistened, such as old-style postage stamps and envelopes. It has also been used in contact lens solutions and in steel-quenching solutions. PVP is the basis of the early formulas for hair sprays and hair gels, and still continues to be a component of some.



As a food additive, PVP is a stabilizer and has E number E1201. PVPP is E1202. It is also used in the wine industry as a fining agent for white wine. Other references state that as polyvinyl pyrrolidone and its derivatives are fully from mineral synthetic[3] origin. Therefore, its use in the production should not be a problem for vegans.



In molecular biology, PVP can be used as a blocking agent during Southern blot analysis as a component of Denhardt's buffer. It is also exceptionally good at adsorbing polyphenols during DNA purification. Polyphenols are common in many plant tissues and can deactivate proteins if not removed and therefore inhibit many downstream reactions like PCR.



PVP is also used in many technical applications:



as adhesive in glue stick and hot melts

as special additive for batteries, ceramics, fiberglass, inks, inkjet paper and in the chemical-mechanical planarization process

as emulsifier and disintegrant for solution polymerization

as photoresist for cathode ray tubes (CRT)

use in aqueous metal quenching

for production of membranes, such as dialysis and water purification filters

as binder and complexation agent in agro applications such as crop protection, seed treatment and coating

as a thickening agent in tooth whitening gels[4]

as an aid for increasing the solubility of drugs in liquid and semi-liquid dosage forms (syrups, soft gelatine capsules) and as an inhibitor of recrystallisation

as an additive to Doro's RNA extraction buffer

Propylparaben, the propyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, occurs as a natural substance found in many plants and some insects, although it is manufactured synthetically for use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and foods. It is a preservative typically found in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos and bath products.

Sodium Benzoate

Used as a food preservative or antiseptic, sodium benzoate is a white crystalline powder chemically known as C7H5O2Na or E211. Although it is classified by the Federal Drug Administration as safe, sodium benzoate is a controversial additive. Sodium benzoate was previously used for centuries as a preservative to prevent the growth of microbial organisms in the food. In presence of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) such as in jams, sodium benzoate can form the chemical benzene. Benzene is known to damage DNA, genetic material, which can lead to leukemia and other cancers. Since sodium benzoate works best in acidic environments, the consumption of sodium benzoate is a rising issue.

"Sodium Benzoate Food Preservative - Research Paper - Misselleanor." Free Term Papers, Research Papers, Essays, Book Reports | OPPapers.com. Web. 16 May 2011. .

"Food Additives ~ CSPI’s Food Safety." Center for Science in the Public Interest. Web. 16 May 2011. .

Sucrose, ordinary table sugar, is probably the single most abundant pure organic chemical in the world and the one most widely known to nonchemists. Whether from sugar cane (20% by weight) or sugar beets (15% by weight), and whether raw or refined, common sugar is still sucrose.

Sucrose is a disaccharide that yields 1 equiv of glucose and 1 equiv of fructose on acidic hydrolysis. This 1:1 mixture of glucose and fructose is often referred to as invert sugar, since the sign of optical rotation changes (inverts) during the hydrolysis from sucrose to a glucose fructose mixture.

We get our energy from the nutrients in food. The main sources of energy are carbohydrates (starches and sugars), fats and proteins. The body can be compared to an engine that converts the energy in food into the energy we need to live. Sugars and starches are forms of carbohydrate. Nutritionists recommend that about half of our energy should be supplied by carbohydrates. The majority of this should be from starchy foods like cereals, rice, potatoes, pasta or bread, with the remainder coming from sugars. During digestion (the process by which we break down food substances ready for absorption and use by the body) complex starchy foods are broken down into sugars.

Talc is a mineral, produced by the mining of talc rocks and then processed by crushing, drying and milling. Processing eliminates a number of trace minerals from the talc, but does not separate minute fibers which are very similar to asbestos.

Talc is toxic. Talc particles cause tumors in human ovaries and lungs. Numerous studies have shown a strong link between frequent use of talc in the female genital area and ovarian cancer. Talc particles are able to move through the reproductive system and become imbedded in the lining of the ovary. Researchers have found talc particles in ovarian tumors and have found that women with ovarian cancer have used talcum powder in their genital area more frequently than healthy women.2



Talc poses a health risk when exposed to the lungs. Talc miners have shown higher rates of lung cancer and other respiratory illnesses from exposure to industrial grade talc, which contains dangerous silica and asbestos. The common household hazard posed by talc is inhalation of baby powder by infants. Since the early 1980s, records show that several thousand infants each year have died or become seriously ill following accidental inhalation of baby powder.3



Q. What about infants?



A. Talc is used on babies because it absorbs unpleasant moisture. Clearly, dusting with talcum powder endangers an infant's lungs at the prospect of inhalation. Exposing children to this carcinogen is unnecessary and dangerous.



Source:

Cancer Prevention Coalition c/o School of Public Health

University of Illinois Medical Center

2121 West Taylor Street

Chicago, IL 60612

Tel: (312) 996-2297, Fax: (312) 996-1374

Email: epstein@uic.edu

White in colour, Titanium dioxide is extracted from the naturally occurring mineral Ilmenite, (named after the Ilmen Mountains in Russia), an iron-black, heavy, metallic oxide mineral, composed of iron and titanium oxide.



Thought not to be easily absorbed, although detectable amounts can be found in the blood, brain and glands with the highest concentrations being in the lymph nodes and lungs, it is excreted from the body with urine.



Can be found in tablets and capsules, cottage and Mozzarella cheeses, horseradish cream and sauces, lemon curd, toothpaste, and white paint, also in sweets where it is often used to provide a barrier between different colours. Used to increase opacity in some sauces.



Banned in Germany.

No adverse effects are known.

Pollutes waterways.

D&C Yellow No. 10 is manufactured by condensing quinaldine with phthalic anhydride to give the unsulfonated dye, which is then sulfonated with oleum.

The color additive D&C Yellow No. 10 may

be safely used for coloring drugs generally in amounts consistent with current good manufacturing practice. Allowed in Drugs and Cosmetics only. Banned in Foods.



source: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov