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Pseudoephedrine (commonly abbreviated as PSE) is a sympathomimetic amine commonly used as a decongestant. The salts pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine sulfate are found in many over-the-counter preparations either as single-ingredient preparations, or more commonly in combination with antihistamines, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and/or ibuprofen. Sudafed is a trademark for a common brand which contains pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, though Sudafed PE does not. Cirrus contains pseudoephedrine in conjunction with cetirizine (an antihistamine).



Unlike antihistamines, which relieve multiple allergic symptoms by acting as antagonists at histamine receptors, pseudoephedrine primarily relieves nasal congestion commonly associated with colds or allergies.



The advantage of oral pseudoephedrine over topical nasal preparations, such as oxymetazoline, is that it does not cause rebound congestion (rhinitis medicamentosa); however, it is more likely to cause adverse effects including hypertension.



Pseudoephedrine is being phased out as an over-the-counter drug in some countries and replaced by less effective[1] alternative decongestants such as phenylephrine, due to pseudoephedrine's use as an ingredient in the manufacture of methamphetamine. Internationally, pseudoephedrine is listed as a Table I precursor under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.

ACACIA NILOTICA Acacia Gum - (Arabic Gum) (LINN.) All the gum-yielding Acacias exhibit the same habit and general appearance, differing only in technical characters. They are spiny shrubs or small trees, preferring sandy or sterile regions, with the climate dry during the greater part of the year.

The gum harvest from the various species lasts about five weeks. About the middle of November, after the rainy season, it exudes spontaneously from the trunk and principal branches, but the flow is generally stimulated by incisions in the bark, a thin strip, 2 to 3 feet in length and 1 to 3 inches wide being torn off. In about fifteen days it thickens in the furrow down which it runs, hardening on exposure to the air, usually in the form of round or oval tears, about the size of a pigeon's egg, but sometimes in vermicular forms, white or red, according to whether the species is a white or red gum tree.



About the middle of December, the Moors commence the harvesting. The masses of gum are collected, either while adhering to the bark, or after it falls to the ground, the entire product, often of various species, thus collected, is packed in baskets and very large sacks of tanned leather and brought on camels and bullocks to the centers of accumulation and then to the points of export, chiefly Suakin, Alexandria, or - in Senegambia - St. Louis. It is then known as 'Acacia sorts,' the term being equivalent to 'unsorted Acacia.' The unsorted gums show the widest variation as to size of fragments, whiteness, clearness, freedom from adhering matter, etc. It is next sorted or 'picked' in accordance with these differences.



There are many kinds of Acacia Gum in commerce:

Glazing Agent. Beeswax is a tough wax? formed from a mixture of several compounds secreted by honeybees, in the form of thin scales from glands, on the ventral surface of the abdomen and used in building the combs in which the young are raised and honey and pollen are stored. Its color varies from yellowish-white to brownish depending on purity. It has a high melting point, near 60°C.



Beeswax is used commercially to make fine candles, in polishing materials, as a component of modelling waxes, and in a variety of other products.

A product that has GRAS status, acidified calcium sulphate is an organic acid and calcium sulfate combination that kills Listeria on the surface of products such as lunchmeats and certain cheeses, and keeps the bacteria from growing back. Listeria is responsible for causing foodborne listeriosis, which causes flu-like symptoms, meningitis, spontaneous abortions and prenatal septicemia. About 20% of the illnesses are fatal.



Until now, lactic acid and sodium lactate have offered some microbiological protection, but they cannot completely stop the organisms from reappearing. However, a study carried out at Texas A&M University and funded by the American Meat Institute Foundation demonstrates the acidified calcium sulphate appears to be able to do so.

Carnauba wax is the coating on the surface of the leaf, i.e., cuticle. Leaves of this fan palm are removed individually from the tree, cut and shredded, and then dried, so that wax flakes off. A pound of carnauba wax is obtained from about 20 leaves. This powder is melted, strained, and then molded into blocks, to be shipped to manufacturing countries.



There are a thousand and one uses for carnauba wax, but you are most likely to hear about it as the principal ingredient in fine car polishes, even applied as a spray at the car wash. Carnauba is also important for the best furniture polishes, as for hardwood floors, but can be found as coating on dental floss, disposible cups and plates, even lipstick.

colloidal silicon dioxide is a submicroscopic fumed silica prepared by the vapor-phase hydrolysis of a silicon compound; used as a tablet diluent and as a suspending and thickening agent

Cornstarch, or cornflour, is the starch of the maize grain, commonly known as corn. It is also ground from the endosperm, or white heart, of the corn kernel. It has a distinctive appearance and feel when mixed raw with water or milk, giving easily to gentle pressure but resisting sudden pressure. It is usually included as an anti-caking agent in powdered sugar (10X or confectioner's sugar). For this reason, recipes calling for powdered sugar often call for at least light cooking to remove the raw cornstarch taste.



Cornstarch is often used as a binder in puddings and similar foods. Most of the packaged pudding mixes available in grocery stores include cornstarch. Cornstarch puddings may be easily made at home, benefiting from the use of a double boiler. The most basic such pudding may be made only from milk, sugar, cornstarch and a flavoring agent.



It is also used as a thickener in many recipes. Cornstarch is best dissolved in cold water, as it forms obstinate lumps when mixed with warm or hot water.



Cornstarch also has many uses in the manufacturing of environmentally-friendly products. For example, in 2004, the Japanese company Pioneer announced a biodegradable Blu-Ray disc made out of cornstarch.



Cornstarch has been used as a replacement for talcum powder by some.



Due to cross contamination, wheat may be present. Read food label carefully to ensure it is Gluten Free.

Corn starch does not trigger the autoimmune response in celiac disease. It contains a form of gluten (a type of combined grain protein), but not the same form as wheat, barley, rye, kamut, spelt, and triticale. ??If the corn starch is not contaminated, it is safe for celiacs



Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornstarch

D&C Red No. 27



The color additive is manufactured by brominating 4,5,6,7- tetrachlorofluorescein with elemental bromine. The FDA has stated that "D&C Red No. 27 may be safely used for coloring drugs generally in amounts consistent with current good manufacturing practice." Manufacturing practices that limit the abouts of Lead, Arsenic, Mercury and bromate.



Bromate was first found to cause tumors in rats in 1982. Subsequent studies on rats and mice confirmed that it causes tumors of the kidney, thyroid, and other organs. Instead of banning bromate, since 1991 the FDA, with only partial success,has urged bakers to voluntarily stop using it. The Center for Science in the Public Interest petitioned the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prohibit the use of potassium bromate, which is used to strengthen bread dough.



http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov & www.cspinet.org

D&C Yellow No. 10 is manufactured by condensing quinaldine with phthalic anhydride to give the unsulfonated dye, which is then sulfonated with oleum.

The color additive D&C Yellow No. 10 may

be safely used for coloring drugs generally in amounts consistent with current good manufacturing practice. Allowed in Drugs and Cosmetics only. Banned in Foods.



source: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov

Red 40

Red 40 is a dye commonly used as food coloring in today’s foods. The proper chemical name is actually

6-hydroxy-5-[(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)azo]-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, but also

known as “azo” dye. By itself Red 40 has an orangish-red color and found in cherry and strawberry flavored foods. Orange foods are typically dyed with Yellow 6. See Yellow 6. All dyes are considered additives by the FDA through the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) since it is not used for the purpose of consumption, but to improve the appearance of the product. For example, chocolate pudding would be slightly greener without the use of red dye. Not just limited to foods, Red 40 is also used for coloring in cosmetics and sold as powders or liquids.

"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations." GPO Home Page. Title 21. Part 74, 12 May 2011. Web. 16 May 2011. .

FD&C Red Dye #40 Information, Education and Discussion. Web. 16 May 2011. .

Yellow 6

Commonly known as Tartrazine, E110, or Sunset Yellow, Yellow 6 is a food coloring that is added to foods to produce an orange to yellow color. All dyes are considered additives by the FDA through the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) since it is not used for the purpose of consumption, but to improve the appearance of the product. It is the third-most-widely used dye, but evidence shows that the manufacturing process used to create the dye can also result in the production of a carcinogenic red dye called Sudan 1. Sudan 1 is a dye commonly found in solvents, oils, waxes, petrol, and shoe and floor polishes. If consumed, Sudan 1 can damage cellular DNA, or genetic material, to cause tumors.

"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations." GPO Home Page. Title 21. Part 74, 12 May 2011. Web. 16 May 2011. .

Gadher, Dipesh. "Risk to Health Posed by Sudan 1 - Times Online." The Times | UK News, World News and Opinion. 20 Feb. 2005. Web. 16 May 2011. .

Poulter, Sean. "Food Colour Linked to Cancer | Mail Online." Home | Mail Online. 16 Sept. 2005. Web. 16 May 2011. .

Kaolin" redirects here. For the Sailor Moon character, see Death Busters#Kaolinite.

Kaolinite



General

Category Silicate mineral

Chemical formula Al2Si2O5(OH)4

Crystal symmetry Triclinic pedial

H-M symbol: (1)

Space group: P1

Unit cell a = 5.13 Å, b = 8.89 Å, c = 7.25 Å; a = 90°, ß = 104.5°, ? = 89.8°; Z = 2

Identification

Color White, sometimes red, blue or brown tints from impurities

Crystal habit Rarely as crystals, thin platy or stacked, More commonly as microscopic pseudohexagonal plates and clusters of plates, aggregated into compact, claylike masses

Crystal system Triclinic

Cleavage Perfect on {001}

Tenacity Flexible but inelastic

Mohs scale hardness 2–2.5

Luster Pearly to dull earthy

Streak White

Specific gravity 2.16–2.68

Optical properties Biaxial (–)

Refractive index na = 1.553–1.565,

nß = 1.559–1.569,

n? = 1.569–1.570

2V angle Measured: 24° to 50°, Calculated: 44°

References [1][2][3]

Kaolinite is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals, with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4. It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina octahedra.[4] Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as kaolin or china clay.[5]



The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: ??/??; pinyin: Gaoling), a village near Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province, China.[6] The name entered English in 1727 from the French version of the word: "kaolin", following Francois Xavier d'Entrecolles's reports from Jingdezhen.[7]

As the name implies, Microcrystalline Cellulose is cellulose derived from high quality wood pulp. It is a naturally occurring substance that is proven stable, safe and physiologically inert

Pharmaceutical glaze is an alcohol based solution of various types of food grade shellac.[1] When used in food and confections, it is also known as confectioner's glaze, resinous glaze, pure food glaze and natural glaze.[2][3] It is also known colloquially in the manufacturing world as beetle juice due to shellac's derivation from the lac insect Kerria lacca (which is not a beetle, but a scale insect).



Pharmaceutical glaze may contain denatured alcoholic solution of 20-51% shellac[1], waxes and titanium dioxide as an opacifying agent.



Pharmaceutical glaze is used by the drug and nutritional supplement industry as a coating material for tablets and capsules. It serves to improve the product's appearance, extend shelf life and protect it from moisture, as well as provide a solid finishing film for pre-print coatings. It also serves to mask unpleasant odors and aid in the swallowing of the tablet.



The shellac coating is insoluble in stomach acid and may make the tablet difficult for the body to break down or assimilate. For this reason it can also be used as an ingredient in time-released, sustained or delayed action pills. The product is listed on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's inactive ingredient list and has been accepted as safe. It is generally regarded as an acceptable ingredient to a pharmaceutical-grade tablet, and is used in quality manufactured products in a Good Manufacturing Practice environment.



A competitive non-animal-based product is zein, a corn protein

A water-soluble starch that has undergone irreversible changes by heating in water or steam

APPLICATIONS :

Sodium starch glycolate is widely used in oral pharmaceuticals as a disintegrant in capsule and tablet formulations. It is recommended to use in tablets prepared by either direct-compression or wet-granulation processes.



The recommended concentration in a formulation is 2-8%, with the optimum concentration about 4% although in many cases 2% is sufficient. Disintegration occurs by rapid uptake of water followed by rapid and enormous swelling.



The disintegrant efficiency of sodium starch glycolate is unimpaired in the presence of hydrophobic excipients, such as lubricants unlike many other disintegrants.



Increasing the tablet compression pressure also appears to have no effect on disintegration time.



Sodium starch glycolate has also been investigated for use as a suspending vehicle.



STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS :

Tablets prepared with sodium starch glycolate have good storage properties. Sodium starch glycolate is stable and should be stored in a well-closed container to protect it from wide variations in humidity and temperature that may cause caking. The physical properties of sodium starch glycolate remain unchanged for up to 4 years if stored at moderate temperatures and humidity.

Stearic Acid from vegetable fats is used helps bind and thicken lotions and creams, is also useful in making harder soap and candles. Usage at 5% is enough for most applications

Any of a class of sweet,Soluble Carbohydrate,as sucrose,glucose,sucrose from sugar cane and sugar beets.

We get our energy from the nutrients in food. The main sources of energy are carbohydrates (starches and sugars), fats and proteins. The body can be compared to an engine that converts the energy in food into the energy we need to live. Sugars and starches are forms of carbohydrate. Nutritionists recommend that about half of our energy should be supplied by carbohydrates. The majority of this should be from starchy foods like cereals, rice, potatoes, pasta or bread, with the remainder coming from sugars. During digestion (the process by which we break down food substances ready for absorption and use by the body) complex starchy foods are broken down into sugars.

Talc is a mineral, produced by the mining of talc rocks and then processed by crushing, drying and milling. Processing eliminates a number of trace minerals from the talc, but does not separate minute fibers which are very similar to asbestos.

Talc is toxic. Talc particles cause tumors in human ovaries and lungs. Numerous studies have shown a strong link between frequent use of talc in the female genital area and ovarian cancer. Talc particles are able to move through the reproductive system and become imbedded in the lining of the ovary. Researchers have found talc particles in ovarian tumors and have found that women with ovarian cancer have used talcum powder in their genital area more frequently than healthy women.2



Talc poses a health risk when exposed to the lungs. Talc miners have shown higher rates of lung cancer and other respiratory illnesses from exposure to industrial grade talc, which contains dangerous silica and asbestos. The common household hazard posed by talc is inhalation of baby powder by infants. Since the early 1980s, records show that several thousand infants each year have died or become seriously ill following accidental inhalation of baby powder.3



Q. What about infants?



A. Talc is used on babies because it absorbs unpleasant moisture. Clearly, dusting with talcum powder endangers an infant's lungs at the prospect of inhalation. Exposing children to this carcinogen is unnecessary and dangerous.



Source:

Cancer Prevention Coalition c/o School of Public Health

University of Illinois Medical Center

2121 West Taylor Street

Chicago, IL 60612

Tel: (312) 996-2297, Fax: (312) 996-1374

Email: epstein@uic.edu

White in colour, Titanium dioxide is extracted from the naturally occurring mineral Ilmenite, (named after the Ilmen Mountains in Russia), an iron-black, heavy, metallic oxide mineral, composed of iron and titanium oxide.



Thought not to be easily absorbed, although detectable amounts can be found in the blood, brain and glands with the highest concentrations being in the lymph nodes and lungs, it is excreted from the body with urine.



Can be found in tablets and capsules, cottage and Mozzarella cheeses, horseradish cream and sauces, lemon curd, toothpaste, and white paint, also in sweets where it is often used to provide a barrier between different colours. Used to increase opacity in some sauces.



Banned in Germany.

No adverse effects are known.

Pollutes waterways.