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Omeprazole (INN) (pronounced /o?'m?pr?zo?l/) is a proton pump inhibitor used in the treatment of dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD/GERD) and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It was first marketed in the US in 1989 by AstraZeneca as the magnesium salt omeprazole magnesium under the brand names Losec and Prilosec, and is now also available from generic manufacturers under various brand names. Omeprazole is one of the most widely prescribed drugs internationally and is available over the counter in some countries.



Omeprazole is available as tablets and capsules (containing omeprazole or omeprazole magnesium) in strengths of 10 mg, 20 mg, and in some markets 40 mg and 80 mg; and as a powder (omeprazole sodium) for intravenous injection. Most oral omeprazole preparations are enteric-coated, due to the rapid degradation of the drug in the acidic conditions of the stomach. This is most commonly achieved by formulating enteric-coated granules within capsules, enteric-coated tablets, and the multiple-unit pellet system.



It is also available for use in injectable form (I.V.) in Europe, but not in the U.S. The injection pack is a combination pack consisting of a vial and a separate ampule of reconstituting solution. Each 10 ml clear glass vial contains a white to off-white lyophilised powder consisting of omeprazole sodium 42.6 mg equivalent to 40 mg of omeprazole.

The ingredients in a product that are specifically designed to achieve the product performance objectives.

For example, an antacids active ingredient is calcium carbonate. Antacids may also contain: corn starch, talc, artificial colors etc...that do not help with acid reduction.

emulsifier for baking, ice cream, etc.

Personal Care emulsifier for facial creams and lotions

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is a derivative of cellulose with both water solubility and organic solubility. It is used as a topical ophthalmic protectant and lubricant



Lacrisert, manufactured by Aton Pharma, is a formulation of HPC used for artificial tears. It is used to treat medical conditions characterized by insufficient tear production such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca), recurrent corneal erosions, decreased corneal sensitivity, exposure and neuroparalytic keratitis. HPC is also used as a lubricant for artificial eyes.



As a food additive, HPC is used as a thickener and as an emulsion stabiliser with E number E463. In pharmaceuticals it is used as a disintegrant,[1] and a binder,[2] in tablets.



HPC is used as a sieving matrix for DNA separations by capillary and microchip electrophoresis

Hypromellose is used to treat conditions where not enough tears are produced to keep the eye lubricated and clean. Hypromellose lubricates the surface of the eye in the same way as natural tears. It can therefore be used to relieve the dryness and pain associated with reduced or abnormal tear production

Iron oxides are permitted for use at a level of 0.1% by weight in

sausage casings on the basis of the weight of the finished sausage

product. No data on the uses of iron oxides in food were reported by

the industry to the National Academy of Sciences in 1987, and the

industry has not reported any recent use of iron oxides in foods.



An estimate of intake of iron oxides was submitted which was

based on food intake from a three-day national survey of food

consumption in 1989-92, combined with maximum regulatory limits. It

was assumed that all foods that could be coloured by iron oxides would

contain it. The mean estimated intake of iron oxides by 11 912

respondents was 0.08 mg/kg bw per day (16% of the ADI), while the 90th

percentile intake was estimated to be 0.28 mg/kg bw per day (56% of

the ADI). For 2144 'eaters only', the mean intake was 0.45 mg/kg bw

per day (90% of the ADI), and the 90th percentile intake was 0.89

mg/kg bw per day (180% of the ADI).



It was concluded that it is unlikely that the intake of iron

oxide would exceed the ADI on a long-term basis because iron oxides

would be not be used in all sausages at the maximium permitted level.

Futhermore, the industry has not reported any recent use of iron

oxides in food.



http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v44jec18.htm

used as a confectionery mold release agent.

contained in many Nutritional Supplements

for its supply of magnesium.

As the name implies, Microcrystalline Cellulose is cellulose derived from high quality wood pulp. It is a naturally occurring substance that is proven stable, safe and physiologically inert

Alkanes, also known as paraffins, are chemical compounds that consist only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) (i.e., hydrocarbons), wherein these atoms are linked together exclusively by single bonds (i.e., they are saturated compounds) without any cyclic structure (i.e. loops). Alkanes belong to a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ by a constant relative molecular mass of 14.



Each carbon atom must have 4 bonds (either C-H or C-C bonds), and each hydrogen atom must be joined to a carbon atom (H-C bonds). A series of linked carbon atoms is known as the carbon skeleton or carbon backbone. In general, the number of carbon atoms is often used to define the size of the alkane (e.g., C2-alkane).



An alkyl group is NOT a functional group and does not show any characteristic reactions since it consists solely of strong and non-polar carbon-carbon single and carbon-hydrogen single bonds. It is important to note that free radical substitution is NOT a characteristic reaction of alkanes and alkyl groups.



Saturated hydrocarbons can be linear (general formula CnH2n + 2) wherein the carbon atoms are joined in a snake-like structure, branched (general formula CnH2n + 2, n > 3) wherein the carbon backbone splits off in one or more directions, or cyclic (general formula CnH2n, n > 2) wherein the carbon backbone is linked so as to form a loop. According to the definition by IUPAC, the former two are alkanes, whereas the third group is called cycloalkanes.[1] Saturated hydrocarbons can also combine any of the linear, cyclic (e.g., polycyclic) and branching structures, and they are still alkanes (no general formula) as long as they are acyclic (i.e., having no loops).



The simplest possible alkane (the parent molecule) is methane, CH4. There is no limit to the number of carbon atoms that can be linked together, the only limitation being that the molecule is acyclic, is saturated, and is a hydrocarbon. Saturated oils and waxes are examples of larger alkanes where the number of carbons in the carbon backbone tends to be greater than 10.



Alkanes are not very reactive and have little biological activity. Alkanes can be viewed as a molecular scaffold upon which can be hung the interesting biologically active/reactive portions (functional groups) of the molecule.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) are polymers having an identical structure, and are the most commercially important polyethers. Poly(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene oxide) refers to an oligomer or polymer of ethylene oxide. PEG and PEO are liquids or low-melting solids, depending on their molecular weights. Both are prepared by polymerization of ethylene oxide. While PEG and PEO with different molecular weights find use in different applications and have different physical properties (e.g. viscosity) due to chain length effects, their chemical properties are nearly identical. Derivatives of PEG and PEO are in common use, the most common derivative being the methyl ether (methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)), abbreviated mPEG.



Poly(ethylene glycol) is non-toxic and is used in a variety of products. It is the basis of a number of laxatives (e.g. macrogol-containing products such as Movicol® and polyethylene glycol 3350, or MiraLax® or GlycoLax). It is the basis of many skin creams, as cetomacrogol, and sexual lubricants, frequently combined with glycerin. Whole bowel irrigation (polyethylene glycol with added electrolytes) is used for bowel preparation before surgery or colonoscopy and drug overdoses



Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol

Polysorbate 80

Polysorbate 80 is similar in use and structure as Polysorbate 60



Polysorbate 60 is an emulsifying agent that helps stabilize two substances that will not normally mix (like oil and water. Short for polyoxyethylene-20 sorbitan monostearate, Polysorbate 60 is made of corn, palm oil, and petroleum. It does not spoil and sometimes used to replace dairy or fat to extend the product’s shelf life. The additive helps whiteners dissolve in coffee, prevent staleness of baked goods, and keep artificial whipped cream fluffy. Polysorbates are made by combining ethylene oxide, which is a precursor to antifreeze, with a sugar alcohol derivative. Polysorbate 60 and 80 are found in cleaning products, motor oils, lubricants, shampoos, cosmetics, lotions, vaccines, etc.

Goldshmidt, Vivian.

"12 Dangerous and Hidden Food Ingredients in Seemingly Healthy Foods | Save Our Bones." Osteoporosis Natural Treatments - Truth About

Osteoporosis Drugs - Osteoporosis Diet - Osteoporosis Treatment Information. Web. 17 May 2011. .

Erikson, Norma. “Food additives 101: How is polysorbate 80 made?” Examiner Web. 17 May 2011.

< http://www.examiner.com/healthy-living-in-national/food-additives-101-how-is-polysorbate-80-made>.

Kopf, Aaron. "What Is Polysorbate 60? | EHow.com." EHow | How to Videos, Articles & More - Trusted Advice for the Curious Life | EHow.com.

Web. 17 May 2011. .

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a water-soluble polymer made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone:



Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP, crospovidone) is a highly cross-linked modification of PVP.



PVP is soluble in water and other polar solvents. In water it has the useful property of Newtonian viscosity. When dry it is a light flaky powder, which readily absorbs up to 40% of its weight in atmospheric water. In solution, it has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films. This makes it good as a coating or an additive to coatings.

Inactive ingredients are also called excipients -- these are ingredients that are found in the dosage form being consumed that are not considered active ingredients

Starch, the major component of flour, potatoes, and corn, is used in many foods as a thickening agent. However, starch does not dissolve in cold water. Chemists have solved this problem by reacting starch with various chemicals to create MODIFIED STARCHES

Sucrose, ordinary table sugar, is probably the single most abundant pure organic chemical in the world and the one most widely known to nonchemists. Whether from sugar cane (20% by weight) or sugar beets (15% by weight), and whether raw or refined, common sugar is still sucrose.

Sucrose is a disaccharide that yields 1 equiv of glucose and 1 equiv of fructose on acidic hydrolysis. This 1:1 mixture of glucose and fructose is often referred to as invert sugar, since the sign of optical rotation changes (inverts) during the hydrolysis from sucrose to a glucose fructose mixture.

We get our energy from the nutrients in food. The main sources of energy are carbohydrates (starches and sugars), fats and proteins. The body can be compared to an engine that converts the energy in food into the energy we need to live. Sugars and starches are forms of carbohydrate. Nutritionists recommend that about half of our energy should be supplied by carbohydrates. The majority of this should be from starchy foods like cereals, rice, potatoes, pasta or bread, with the remainder coming from sugars. During digestion (the process by which we break down food substances ready for absorption and use by the body) complex starchy foods are broken down into sugars.

Talc is a mineral, produced by the mining of talc rocks and then processed by crushing, drying and milling. Processing eliminates a number of trace minerals from the talc, but does not separate minute fibers which are very similar to asbestos.

Talc is toxic. Talc particles cause tumors in human ovaries and lungs. Numerous studies have shown a strong link between frequent use of talc in the female genital area and ovarian cancer. Talc particles are able to move through the reproductive system and become imbedded in the lining of the ovary. Researchers have found talc particles in ovarian tumors and have found that women with ovarian cancer have used talcum powder in their genital area more frequently than healthy women.2



Talc poses a health risk when exposed to the lungs. Talc miners have shown higher rates of lung cancer and other respiratory illnesses from exposure to industrial grade talc, which contains dangerous silica and asbestos. The common household hazard posed by talc is inhalation of baby powder by infants. Since the early 1980s, records show that several thousand infants each year have died or become seriously ill following accidental inhalation of baby powder.3



Q. What about infants?



A. Talc is used on babies because it absorbs unpleasant moisture. Clearly, dusting with talcum powder endangers an infant's lungs at the prospect of inhalation. Exposing children to this carcinogen is unnecessary and dangerous.



Source:

Cancer Prevention Coalition c/o School of Public Health

University of Illinois Medical Center

2121 West Taylor Street

Chicago, IL 60612

Tel: (312) 996-2297, Fax: (312) 996-1374

Email: epstein@uic.edu

White in colour, Titanium dioxide is extracted from the naturally occurring mineral Ilmenite, (named after the Ilmen Mountains in Russia), an iron-black, heavy, metallic oxide mineral, composed of iron and titanium oxide.



Thought not to be easily absorbed, although detectable amounts can be found in the blood, brain and glands with the highest concentrations being in the lymph nodes and lungs, it is excreted from the body with urine.



Can be found in tablets and capsules, cottage and Mozzarella cheeses, horseradish cream and sauces, lemon curd, toothpaste, and white paint, also in sweets where it is often used to provide a barrier between different colours. Used to increase opacity in some sauces.



Banned in Germany.

No adverse effects are known.

Pollutes waterways.

Triethyl citrate is an ester of citric acid. It is a colorless, odorless liquid used as a food additive (E number E1505) to stabilize foams, especially as whipping aid for egg white.[3] In pharmaceutical coatings and plastics.[4]



Triethyl citrate is also used as a plasticizer for polyvinylchloride and similar plastics